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Être Conjugation: Every Tense You Need

Être conjugated across présent, passé composé, imparfait and futur - plus why être forms the passé composé for movement verbs and requires agreement.

LexiFr Editorial Published 7 min read
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Être (to be) present tense: je suis, tu es, il/elle est, nous sommes, vous êtes, ils/elles sont. Beyond meaning “to be,” être also serves as the auxiliary for about 17 movement and reflexive verbs in the passé composé - like elle est partie - requiring the past participle to agree in gender and number.

Quick answer

Être (to be) present tense: je suis, tu es, il/elle est, nous sommes, vous êtes, ils/elles sont. Être also serves as the auxiliary for about 17 movement and reflexive verbs in the passé composé - like elle est partie - requiring the past participle to agree in gender and number.

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For the fuller tense system this verb belongs to, see French conjugation guide.

Être in the present

PersonForm
jesuis
tues
il/elle/onest
noussommes
vousêtes
ils/ellessont

Être in the passé composé

J’ai été (I was/have been) - note être uses avoir as ITS OWN auxiliary here, a common confusion point since être is also famous for being an auxiliary itself for other verbs.

Être in the imparfait and futur simple

J’étais (I was, imparfait) / je serai (I will be, futur simple).

Être as an auxiliary: the movement-verb group

Roughly 17 verbs use être (not avoir) to form their own passé composé: aller, venir, partir, arriver, entrer, sortir, monter, descendre, naître, mourir, plus all reflexive verbs. Their past participles agree in gender and number: elle est partie, not elle est parti. For the full list and agreement rule, see avoir vs être in the passé composé.

[Visual - infographic] A list of verbs with a gold agreement example (elle est partie). ALT: « List of French verbs using être as auxiliary with agreement example ».

Common mistakes

Forgetting agreement with être verbs; confusing être-as-main-verb tense (j’ai été) with être-as-auxiliary (elle est partie).

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Frequently asked

Questions about this note

What is je suis in English?

"I am."

Does être use avoir or être for its own passé composé?

Avoir - j'ai été (I was/have been).

Which verbs use être as an auxiliary?

About 17 movement verbs (aller, venir, partir, arriver…) plus all reflexive verbs.

Why does the past participle change with être verbs?

It agrees in gender and number with the subject: elle est partie, ils sont partis.

How do you say "I am" vs "I was" in French?

je suis (present) / j'étais (imparfait) or j'ai été (passé composé, less common for states).

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